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GNSS as a Time Transfer System – The Global Timing Backbone

November 10, 2025 by Sani Sarcevic Leave a Comment

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are widely recognised for enabling positioning and navigation. But did you know that GNSS, in fact, transmits the time, while your location is actually calculated based on it? One of their most critical … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: Industry Applications, Time and Frequency Tagged With: GNSS, time, UTC

What Time Is It, Really? – The Science Behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

November 3, 2025 by Sani Sarcevic Leave a Comment

When you glance at your smartphone or a wall clock, it’s easy to take for granted that the time is “right.” But behind that simple number lies one of humanity’s most precise and collaborative scientific efforts: the creation and maintenance of … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: Time and Frequency Tagged With: time, UTC

Loop Detection is Coming to NTP

October 22, 2025 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five Minute Facts on Packet Timing NTP deployments of larger networks usually have NTP servers connected in a tree structure, such as the one in Figure 1.  Note that the Stratum 1 servers typically have a GNSS time source, but the higher … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: NTP, Uncategorized Tagged With: ntp

DIY NTP message extensions

September 9, 2025 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five-minute facts about packet timing So, you ‘ve been thinking that NTP messages should have some additional fields, but they’re not in standard. What can you do? You can define your own message extension; that’s what you can do! NTPv4, … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: NTP, Uncategorized

IEEE 1952 Resilience Levels: Verify

April 9, 2025 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five Minute Facts about Packet Timing Level 5, verify, is the highest resilience level according to the IEEE P1952 project. To meet this highest level of resilience PNT equipment must not only withstand an adversity against a PNT input … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: IEEE 1952

IEEE 1952 PNT Resilience Levels: Withstand

March 3, 2025 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five Minute Facts about Packet TimingWelcome to the next installment on my series of posts about timing equipment resilience in the language of the IEEE P1952 project. It’s time to talk about level four: Withstand.Withstand is a lot like the Resist … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: IEEE 1952

IEEE 1952 PNT Resilience Levels: Resist

February 10, 2025 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five Minute Facts about Packet TimingI’d like to tell you something about the next IEEE P1952 resilience level in our series. If you missed it, I have been posting about the proposed resilience levels from the IEEE P1952 project. Today’s topic is … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: IEEE 1952

IEEE 1952 PNT Resilience Levels: Recovery

December 16, 2024 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five Minute Facts about Packet TimingWelcome to the next installment on my series of posts about timing equipment resilience in the language of the IEEE P1952 project. It’s time to talk about recovery … for clocks that is. The first question about … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: IEEE 1952

IEEE 1952 PNT Resilience Levels: Detecting Adversities

August 15, 2024 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five Ten Minute Facts about Packet Timing (sorry this one needs to be a little longer)In my last post I talked about the behaviors that timing equipment should exhibit to achieve resilience in the face of adverse conditions, according to the draft … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: IEEE 1952

IEEE 1952 PNT Resilience Levels

June 26, 2024 by Douglas Arnold Leave a Comment

Five-minute facts about packet timingA while back I posted on the start of an standards development project: IEEE 1952, or P1952 as they call it in the IEEE standards world. The P stands for project, and that means that it has not yet grown up to … [Continue reading]

Filed Under: IEEE 1952

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